{
  "meta": {
    "title": "R10 research studio: the question studio. Pickers, draft templates, checks, search terms, crowding counts and example cards",
    "version": "r10-v1",
    "as_of": "2026-11-03",
    "note": "Draft questions, example cards and exemplars are illustrative. The studio makes no originality judgement: the counts are context only.",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0"
  },
  "pickers": {
    "scale": [
      { "id": "S0", "label": "S0 device and plant", "phrase": "a single device or plant" },
      { "id": "S1", "label": "S1 microgrid and community", "phrase": "a microgrid or community" },
      { "id": "S2", "label": "S2 regional grid", "phrase": "a regional grid" },
      { "id": "S3", "label": "S3 city and region", "phrase": "a city or region" },
      { "id": "S4", "label": "S4 nation", "phrase": "a nation" }
    ],
    "dimension": [
      { "id": "PHY", "label": "Physics and technology", "metric": "efficiency", "units": "%", "goal": "higher efficiency", "terms": ["efficiency", "performance"] },
      { "id": "OPS", "label": "Operations", "metric": "unserved energy", "units": "MWh a year", "goal": "less unserved energy", "terms": ["operation", "scheduling"] },
      { "id": "OPT", "label": "Planning and optimization", "metric": "total system cost", "units": "$ a year", "goal": "a lower total system cost", "terms": ["optimization", "planning"] },
      { "id": "ECO", "label": "Economics and markets", "metric": "the average bill", "units": "$ a month", "goal": "a lower average bill", "terms": ["price", "tariff"] },
      { "id": "TEA", "label": "Techno-economic analysis", "metric": "net present value", "units": "$", "goal": "a higher net present value", "terms": ["\"techno-economic\"", "\"levelized cost\""] },
      { "id": "ENV", "label": "LCA and environment", "metric": "CO₂ emissions", "units": "t CO₂ a year", "goal": "lower CO₂ emissions", "terms": ["emissions", "\"life cycle assessment\""] },
      { "id": "POL", "label": "Policy and regulation", "metric": "the share of the policy's target met", "units": "%", "goal": "more of the policy's target met", "terms": ["policy", "regulation"] },
      { "id": "SOC", "label": "Society and livelihoods", "metric": "energy burden", "units": "% of household income", "goal": "a lower energy burden", "terms": ["\"energy burden\"", "\"energy poverty\""] },
      { "id": "SEC", "label": "Security, resilience and national strategy", "metric": "customer-hours without power", "units": "customer-hours a year (customers out × hours out)", "goal": "fewer customer-hours without power", "terms": ["resilience", "\"energy security\""] },
      { "id": "RES", "label": "Research methods", "metric": "error against a trusted reference", "units": "% of the reference", "goal": "a smaller error against a trusted reference", "terms": ["validation", "benchmark"] }
    ],
    "element": [
      { "id": "rooftop", "label": "rooftop solar", "phrase": "rooftop solar", "terms": ["\"rooftop solar\"", "\"rooftop PV\""], "cluster": "C06" },
      { "id": "heatpumps", "label": "heat pumps", "phrase": "heat pumps", "terms": ["\"heat pump\"", "\"heat pumps\""], "cluster": "C34" },
      { "id": "ev", "label": "EV fleets and school buses", "phrase": "EV fleets and school buses", "terms": ["\"electric bus\"", "\"electric vehicle fleet\""], "cluster": "C21" },
      { "id": "irrigation", "label": "irrigation pumps", "phrase": "irrigation pumps", "terms": ["\"irrigation pumping\"", "\"irrigation pump\""] },
      { "id": "coldchain", "label": "cold chains", "phrase": "cold chains", "terms": ["\"cold chain\"", "\"cold storage\""] },
      { "id": "districtheat", "label": "district heating", "phrase": "district heating", "terms": ["\"district heating\""], "cluster": "C25" },
      { "id": "procheat", "label": "industrial process heat", "phrase": "industrial process heat", "terms": ["\"process heat\"", "\"industrial heat\""] },
      { "id": "datacenters", "label": "data centers", "note": "as a load", "phrase": "data-center loads", "terms": ["\"data center\"", "\"data centre\""], "cluster": "C13" },
      { "id": "wind", "label": "wind farms", "phrase": "wind farms", "terms": ["\"wind farm\"", "\"wind power\""] },
      { "id": "utilitysolar", "label": "utility solar", "phrase": "utility-scale solar", "terms": ["\"utility-scale solar\"", "\"solar farm\""] },
      { "id": "batteries", "label": "batteries", "phrase": "batteries", "terms": ["\"battery storage\"", "\"battery energy storage\""], "cluster": "C08" },
      { "id": "lds", "label": "long-duration storage", "phrase": "long-duration storage", "terms": ["\"long-duration storage\"", "\"long-duration energy storage\""], "cluster": "C08" },
      { "id": "hydrogen", "label": "hydrogen", "phrase": "hydrogen", "terms": ["hydrogen"], "cluster": "C09" },
      { "id": "transmission", "label": "transmission lines", "phrase": "transmission lines", "terms": ["\"transmission line\"", "\"transmission expansion\""], "cluster": "C01" },
      { "id": "feeders", "label": "distribution feeders", "phrase": "distribution feeders", "terms": ["\"distribution feeder\"", "\"distribution network\""], "cluster": "C06" },
      { "id": "gas", "label": "gas networks", "phrase": "gas networks", "terms": ["\"gas network\"", "\"gas distribution\""] },
      { "id": "geothermal", "label": "geothermal", "phrase": "geothermal plants", "terms": ["geothermal"] },
      { "id": "hydro", "label": "hydro", "phrase": "hydro plants", "terms": ["hydropower", "hydroelectric"] },
      { "id": "minigrids", "label": "mini-grids", "phrase": "mini-grids", "terms": ["\"mini-grid\"", "minigrid"], "cluster": "C24" },
      { "id": "water", "label": "water treatment and desalination", "phrase": "water treatment and desalination plants", "terms": ["desalination", "\"water treatment\""], "cluster": "C27" },
      { "id": "agrivoltaics", "label": "agrivoltaics", "phrase": "agrivoltaics", "terms": ["agrivoltaic", "agrivoltaics"] },
      { "id": "retrofits", "label": "building retrofits", "phrase": "building retrofits", "terms": ["\"building retrofit\"", "\"energy retrofit\""] },
      { "id": "dr", "label": "demand-response programmes", "phrase": "demand-response programmes", "terms": ["\"demand response\""], "cluster": "C04" }
    ],
    "lever": [
      { "id": "tech", "label": "new technology", "phrase": "new technology", "terms": ["innovation", "technology"] },
      { "id": "operation", "label": "operation", "phrase": "a change in operation", "terms": ["operation", "control"] },
      { "id": "market", "label": "market or tariff design", "phrase": "a new market or tariff design", "terms": ["tariff", "\"market design\""] },
      { "id": "policy", "label": "policy", "phrase": "a policy change", "terms": ["policy", "incentive"] },
      { "id": "sufficiency", "label": "sufficiency (using less)", "phrase": "using less (sufficiency)", "terms": ["sufficiency", "\"demand reduction\""] },
      { "id": "maintenance", "label": "maintenance and asset life", "phrase": "a change in maintenance or asset life", "terms": ["maintenance", "\"asset management\""] },
      { "id": "avoided", "label": "avoided demand", "phrase": "avoided demand", "terms": ["\"energy efficiency\"", "\"avoided demand\""] },
      { "id": "governance", "label": "governance and ownership", "phrase": "a change in governance or ownership", "terms": ["ownership", "governance"] }
    ],
    "stakeholder": [
      { "id": "renters", "label": "low-income renters", "terms": ["renters", "\"low-income\""] },
      { "id": "homeowners", "label": "homeowners", "terms": ["homeowners", "households"] },
      { "id": "farmers", "label": "farmers", "terms": ["farmers", "agricultural"] },
      { "id": "coops", "label": "rural co-ops", "terms": ["\"electric cooperative\"", "\"rural cooperative\""] },
      { "id": "munis", "label": "municipal utilities", "terms": ["\"municipal utility\"", "\"public power\""] },
      { "id": "ious", "label": "investor-owned utilities", "terms": ["\"investor-owned utility\"", "utility"] },
      { "id": "operators", "label": "grid operators", "terms": ["\"system operator\"", "\"grid operator\""] },
      { "id": "regulators", "label": "regulators", "terms": ["regulator", "\"public utility commission\""] },
      { "id": "developers", "label": "developers", "terms": ["developer", "developers"] },
      { "id": "largeusers", "label": "large energy users", "terms": ["\"large load\"", "\"industrial customers\""] },
      { "id": "councils", "label": "city councils", "terms": ["city", "municipal"] },
      { "id": "transit", "label": "transit agencies", "terms": ["\"transit agency\"", "\"public transport\""] },
      { "id": "workers", "label": "workers in fossil industries", "terms": ["workers", "\"just transition\""] },
      { "id": "tribal", "label": "tribal nations", "terms": ["tribal", "Indigenous"] },
      { "id": "communities", "label": "communities near infrastructure", "terms": ["community", "\"host community\""] },
      { "id": "future", "label": "future generations", "terms": ["intergenerational", "\"future generations\""] }
    ],
    "twist": [
      { "id": "coldsnap", "label": "a week-long cold snap", "phrase": "during a week-long cold snap", "terms": ["\"cold snap\"", "\"extreme cold\""] },
      { "id": "drought", "label": "a drought", "phrase": "during a drought", "terms": ["drought"] },
      { "id": "heatwave", "label": "a heat wave", "phrase": "during a heat wave", "terms": ["\"heat wave\"", "heatwave"], "cluster": "C31" },
      { "id": "fuelspike", "label": "a fuel-price spike", "phrase": "during a fuel-price spike", "terms": ["\"fuel price\"", "\"price spike\""] },
      { "id": "mineral", "label": "a one-mineral supply disruption", "phrase": "during a one-mineral supply disruption", "terms": ["\"critical minerals\"", "\"supply disruption\""], "cluster": "C26" },
      { "id": "reversal", "label": "a policy reversal", "phrase": "after a policy reversal", "terms": ["\"policy reversal\"", "\"policy uncertainty\""] },
      { "id": "cyber", "label": "a cyber incident", "phrase": "after a cyber incident", "terms": ["cyberattack", "cybersecurity"] },
      { "id": "popdecline", "label": "population decline", "phrase": "with population decline", "terms": ["\"population decline\"", "\"shrinking cities\""] },
      { "id": "loadgrowth", "label": "rapid load growth", "phrase": "with rapid load growth", "terms": ["\"load growth\"", "\"demand growth\""] },
      { "id": "wildfire", "label": "a wildfire season", "phrase": "during a wildfire season", "terms": ["wildfire"] },
      { "id": "tariff", "label": "a new tariff design", "phrase": "under a new tariff design", "terms": ["\"tariff design\"", "\"rate design\""] },
      { "id": "queue", "label": "a doubled interconnection queue", "phrase": "with a doubled interconnection queue", "terms": ["\"interconnection queue\""], "cluster": "C32" }
    ]
  },
  "terms": "[[energy-burden|energy burden]] · [[customer-hours|customer-hours]] · [[net-present-value|net present value]] · [[techno-economic-analysis|techno-economic analysis]] · [[life-cycle-assessment|LCA]] (life cycle assessment)",
  "methodTerms": { "GIS": "gis", "econometrics": "econometrics", "difference-in-differences": "difference-in-differences", "Monte Carlo": "monte-carlo", "MCDA": "mcda", "decision analysis": "decision-analysis", "optimization": "optimization" },
  "pickerLabels": { "scale": "Scale", "dimension": "Dimension", "element": "System element", "lever": "Lever", "stakeholder": "Stakeholder", "twist": "Twist (optional)" },
  "drafts": {
    "descriptive": "How much does {metric} vary among {stakeholder} with {element} in {scale}{twist}?",
    "explanatory": "Why did {metric} change for {stakeholder} after {lever} for {element} in {scale}{twist}?",
    "evaluative": "Did {lever} for {element} lead to {goal} for {stakeholder} in {scale}{twist}, compared with […]?",
    "predictive": "What will {metric} be for {stakeholder} with {lever} for {element} in {scale}{twist}, and with what uncertainty?",
    "prescriptive": "What should {stakeholder} do about {element} in {scale}, through {lever}, to achieve {goal}{twist}, compared with […]?"
  },
  "realism": [
    { "id": "data", "label": "Data exist",
      "q": "Can you name a dataset that measures your metric, at your scale and time step?",
      "answers": ["Yes", "Not sure", "No"],
      "evidence": "The dataset, its licence and its date",
      "pass": "Name it below, with its licence and date.",
      "warn": "Look before you commit: find one dataset and open it.",
      "block": "As written, the question cannot be answered: change the metric or the scale, or plan to collect data.",
      "fix": ["B2", "R4"] },
    { "id": "physics", "label": "Physics sanity",
      "q": "Do the units and sizes make sense: power in MW against energy in MWh, nothing above its rating, energy in balance?",
      "answers": ["Yes", "Not sure", "No"],
      "evidence": "One number you checked, with its units",
      "pass": "Keep the units on the card.",
      "warn": "Check one number with units before you go on.",
      "block": "Fix the units or the sizes before anything else.",
      "fix": [1, "K1"] },
    { "id": "institutions", "label": "Institutions",
      "q": "Can you say who pays, who permits, and which jurisdiction's rules apply, as of which date?",
      "answers": ["Yes", "Not sure", "No"],
      "evidence": "The rule that applies, and its date",
      "pass": "Write the rule and its date below.",
      "warn": "Find the tariff, market rule or regulation that applies.",
      "block": "A rule can flip the answer: find it first.",
      "fix": ["N1", "A4"] },
    { "id": "scope", "label": "Scope fits the time",
      "q": "Could a first version be done in the research capstone's 20 to 40 hours, or in the time your project has?",
      "answers": ["Yes", "Not sure", "No"],
      "evidence": "What a first version covers",
      "pass": "Note what a second version would add.",
      "warn": "Narrow the scale, the period or the boundary.",
      "block": "Cut it to one scale, one period and one metric.",
      "fix": ["R3"] },
    { "id": "people", "label": "People and ethics",
      "q": "If people or communities are part of the study, do you know how you will get consent and treat them fairly?",
      "answers": ["Yes, or no people involved", "Not sure", "No"],
      "evidence": "Your consent plan, or “no people involved”",
      "pass": "Keep the plan with the card.",
      "warn": "Ask a mentor before you collect anything about people.",
      "block": "Plan consent and fair treatment, with a mentor, before any data collection.",
      "fix": ["R9"] }
  ],
  "clusters": [
    { "id": "C32", "name": "interconnection queues", "papers": 95, "rgi": null, "query": "\"interconnection queue\" OR \"grid connection queue\" OR \"transmission permitting\"" },
    { "id": "C33", "name": "open-source modelling", "papers": 401, "rgi": 1.45, "query": "(\"open-source\" OR \"open source\") AND (\"energy system model\" OR \"energy modelling\" OR \"power system model\")" },
    { "id": "C29", "name": "resource adequacy", "papers": 2027, "rgi": 0.90, "query": "\"resource adequacy\" OR \"capacity adequacy\" OR \"generation adequacy\" OR \"loss of load\" OR \"capacity credit\"" },
    { "id": "C23", "name": "carbon accounting", "papers": 2244, "rgi": 1.79, "query": "(\"carbon accounting\" OR \"GHG accounting\" OR \"marginal emission\" OR \"carbon intensity\") AND (electricity OR grid)" },
    { "id": "C31", "name": "extreme weather", "papers": 2868, "rgi": 2.08, "query": "(\"extreme weather\" OR \"heat wave\" OR heatwave) AND (\"power system\" OR electricity OR grid)" },
    { "id": "C17", "name": "GIS siting", "papers": 3635, "rgi": 1.23, "query": "(GIS OR geospatial OR \"multi-criteria\") AND (\"site selection\" OR siting OR suitability) AND (solar OR wind OR renewable OR hydrogen OR energy)" },
    { "id": "C27", "name": "water and desalination", "papers": 3938, "rgi": 0.97, "query": "\"water-energy nexus\" OR \"energy-water nexus\" OR \"water-energy-food\"" },
    { "id": "C34", "name": "heat pumps", "papers": 3977, "rgi": 1.53, "query": "\"heat pump\" AND (grid OR \"energy system\" OR electrification)" },
    { "id": "C01", "name": "transmission and planning", "papers": 4027, "rgi": 0.85, "query": "(\"capacity expansion\" OR \"expansion planning\" OR \"generation planning\" OR \"transmission planning\") AND (power OR electricity OR energy)" },
    { "id": "C26", "name": "critical minerals", "papers": 4736, "rgi": 4.65, "query": "(\"critical minerals\" OR \"critical materials\" OR \"critical raw materials\" OR \"critical metals\") AND (energy OR battery)" },
    { "id": "C05", "name": "virtual power plants and communities", "papers": 6689, "rgi": 2.62, "query": "\"virtual power plant\" OR \"virtual power plants\" OR \"peer-to-peer energy trading\" OR \"local energy market\" OR \"energy community\" OR \"energy communities\"" },
    { "id": "C28", "name": "grid-forming inverters", "papers": 7364, "rgi": 3.30, "query": "\"grid-forming\" OR \"low inertia\" OR \"virtual inertia\" OR \"inverter-based resources\"" },
    { "id": "C21", "name": "EV fleets and charging", "papers": 7832, "rgi": 2.13, "query": "\"electric vehicle\" AND (\"vehicle-to-grid\" OR charging) AND (grid OR \"power system\" OR \"distribution network\")" },
    { "id": "C19", "name": "resilience", "papers": 7967, "rgi": 3.12, "query": "resilience AND (\"power system\" OR \"power grid\" OR \"distribution system\" OR microgrid)" },
    { "id": "C25", "name": "district heating and urban energy", "papers": 9992, "rgi": 0.86, "query": "\"urban energy\" OR \"district heating\" OR \"district energy\" OR \"positive energy district\"" },
    { "id": "C12", "name": "justice and energy poverty", "papers": 10074, "rgi": 3.03, "query": "\"energy justice\" OR \"energy poverty\" OR \"energy equity\" OR \"just transition\" OR \"energy burden\" OR \"energy insecurity\"" },
    { "id": "C13", "name": "data centers", "papers": 12419, "rgi": 0.93, "query": "(\"data center\" OR \"data centre\") AND (energy OR electricity OR power)" },
    { "id": "C06", "name": "rooftop solar and distribution resources", "papers": 12583, "rgi": 1.36, "query": "\"hosting capacity\" OR \"distributed energy resources\" OR \"distributed energy resource\" OR \"active distribution network\" OR \"active distribution networks\"" },
    { "id": "C14", "name": "forecasting", "papers": 13406, "rgi": 1.34, "query": "\"load forecasting\" OR \"wind power forecasting\" OR \"solar power forecasting\" OR \"PV power forecasting\" OR \"electricity price forecasting\" OR \"wind speed forecasting\" OR \"solar irradiance forecasting\"" },
    { "id": "C04", "name": "demand response", "papers": 16900, "rgi": 0.99, "query": "\"demand response\" OR \"demand-side management\" OR \"demand side management\" OR \"demand flexibility\"" },
    { "id": "C24", "name": "mini-grids and access", "papers": 18711, "rgi": 1.16, "query": "\"energy access\" OR \"electricity access\" OR \"access to electricity\" OR \"mini-grid\" OR \"rural electrification\" OR \"off-grid\"" },
    { "id": "C35", "name": "energy security", "papers": 18753, "rgi": 1.29, "query": "\"energy security\"" },
    { "id": "C09", "name": "hydrogen", "papers": 19174, "rgi": 4.82, "query": "\"green hydrogen\" OR \"hydrogen economy\" OR \"power-to-gas\" OR \"power-to-x\" OR \"hydrogen supply chain\" OR \"hydrogen production cost\" OR \"levelized cost of hydrogen\"" },
    { "id": "C10", "name": "LCA", "papers": 22703, "rgi": 1.16, "query": "(\"life cycle assessment\" OR \"life-cycle assessment\") AND (energy OR electricity OR fuel OR power)" },
    { "id": "C07", "name": "electricity markets", "papers": 24138, "rgi": 0.84, "query": "\"electricity market\" OR \"electricity markets\" OR \"power market\" OR \"power markets\" OR \"electricity price\" OR \"electricity prices\"" },
    { "id": "C15", "name": "machine learning", "papers": 26451, "rgi": 4.21, "query": "(\"machine learning\" OR \"deep learning\" OR \"reinforcement learning\" OR \"neural network\") AND (\"power system\" OR \"power grid\" OR microgrid OR \"smart grid\" OR \"energy system\")" },
    { "id": "C03", "name": "microgrids", "papers": 36753, "rgi": 1.16, "query": "microgrid OR microgrids OR \"micro-grid\" OR \"micro-grids\"" },
    { "id": "C11", "name": "TEA", "papers": 38283, "rgi": 1.68, "query": "\"techno-economic\" OR \"technoeconomic\" OR \"levelized cost\" OR \"levelised cost\"" },
    { "id": "C08", "name": "batteries and long-duration storage", "papers": 53316, "rgi": 1.67, "query": "\"battery energy storage\" OR \"energy storage system\" OR \"energy storage systems\" OR \"grid-scale storage\" OR \"long-duration energy storage\" OR \"pumped hydro\"" }
  ],
  "crowding": {
    "source": "OpenAlex, articles and reviews published 2016 to 2 November 2026, keyword search of titles and abstracts (the queries above); retrieved 2 November 2026",
    "url": "https://openalex.org/",
    "rgi": "RGI: growth from 2016–18 to 2022–24, divided by the growth of energy-systems work as a whole (1.70 times). Above 1: faster than the field.",
    "caveats": [
      "Context only: the clusters overlap, and the counts are not weighted by quality.",
      "Refreshed yearly with the same queries.",
      "Few papers is no evidence that a question is new, important or feasible.",
      "Many papers is no evidence that it is done."
    ]
  },
  "search": {
    "url": "https://openalex.org/works?search=",
    "checked": "3 November 2026",
    "note": "OpenAlex accepts AND, OR, quotation marks and brackets; other databases need small changes to the same string.",
    "live": "Each link opens OpenAlex's current results in a new tab. They change as papers are added, so note the date you search.",
    "noreq": "This page sends no request itself."
  },
  "examples": [
    { "id": "e1", "combo": "S1 · society · community solar · low-income renters", "type": "evaluative",
      "question": "Did a rural co-op's community-solar programme lower renters' energy burden more than bill credits of the same cost would have?",
      "picks": { "scale": "S1", "dimension": "SOC", "lever": "policy", "stakeholder": "renters" },
      "extra": { "element": { "label": "community solar", "phrase": "community solar", "terms": ["\"community solar\"", "\"shared solar\""] } },
      "card": { "audience": "the co-op's board, deciding whether to keep the programme", "metric": "energy burden: yearly energy bills as a share of income", "units": "% of household income" } },
    { "id": "e2", "combo": "S0 · operations · irrigation pumps · farmers", "type": "prescriptive",
      "question": "How much irrigation pumping on a Plains farm could move to windy night hours without lowering yield, and what is that worth under the co-op's tariff?",
      "picks": { "scale": "S0", "dimension": "OPS", "element": "irrigation", "lever": "operation", "stakeholder": "farmers" },
      "card": { "audience": "the farm's owner, who sets the pumping schedule", "metric": "pumping energy moved to windy night hours, and the bill saving it brings", "units": "MWh a season; $ a season" } },
    { "id": "e3", "combo": "S3 · security · heat pumps · elderly households · cold snap", "type": "predictive",
      "question": "During a week-long cold snap, how would all-electric heating change the risk of losing heat for elderly households, with and without backup?",
      "picks": { "scale": "S3", "dimension": "SEC", "element": "heatpumps", "lever": "tech", "twist": "coldsnap" },
      "extra": { "stakeholder": { "label": "elderly households", "terms": ["elderly", "\"older adults\""] } },
      "card": { "audience": "the city's emergency planners, who decide where backup heat goes", "metric": "share of elderly households without heat for more than 12 hours", "units": "% of elderly households, per cold snap" } },
    { "id": "e4", "combo": "S2 · environment · data-center cooling · nearby communities · drought", "type": "descriptive",
      "question": "How do the cooling choices of large data centers shift water use and summer peak demand in a water-stressed region?",
      "picks": { "scale": "S2", "element": "datacenters", "lever": "tech", "stakeholder": "communities", "twist": "drought" },
      "extra": { "dimension": { "label": "water use and summer peak", "metric": "cooling water use", "units": "million litres a year", "goal": "less cooling water use", "terms": ["\"water use\"", "\"peak demand\""] } },
      "card": { "audience": "the region's water utility and grid planner", "metric": "cooling water withdrawn, and the data-center load's summer peak", "units": "million litres a year; MW" } },
    { "id": "e5", "combo": "S4 · security · batteries · regulators · mineral disruption", "type": "predictive", "typeLabel": "predictive, with a prescriptive follow-up",
      "question": "How sensitive is a national storage build-out to a one-year disruption of one mineral, and which design choices reduce the risk?",
      "picks": { "scale": "S4", "dimension": "SEC", "element": "batteries", "lever": "tech", "stakeholder": "regulators", "twist": "mineral" },
      "card": { "audience": "national energy regulators, who set storage targets", "metric": "storage built by 2040, and total system cost, across disruption cases", "units": "GWh; $ billion" } },
    { "id": "e6", "combo": "S1 · TEA · mini-grids · farmers", "type": "prescriptive",
      "question": "Which productive uses make a solar mini-grid viable without lowering household access?",
      "picks": { "scale": "S1", "dimension": "TEA", "element": "minigrids", "lever": "market", "stakeholder": "farmers" },
      "card": { "audience": "the mini-grid's operator, with the farmers who would buy its power", "metric": "the mini-grid's net present value with each productive use, household supply kept as it is", "units": "$ over 20 years" } },
    { "id": "e7", "combo": "S3 · sufficiency · building retrofits · city council", "type": "explanatory",
      "question": "Why did some neighbourhoods' heating demand fall more than others after a retrofit programme?",
      "picks": { "scale": "S3", "element": "retrofits", "lever": "sufficiency", "stakeholder": "councils" },
      "extra": { "dimension": { "label": "heating demand", "metric": "heating demand", "units": "% of pre-retrofit demand", "goal": "lower heating demand", "terms": ["\"heating demand\"", "\"energy savings\""] } },
      "card": { "audience": "the city council, which runs the retrofit programme", "metric": "fall in heating demand per home after the retrofit", "units": "% of pre-retrofit demand" } }
  ],
  "rubric": {
    "id": "r10-rubric",
    "code": "R10",
    "title": "Rate your card against the rubric",
    "lede": "The course rubric's own words. R10 builds framing, and starts the realism habit.",
    "competences": [
      {
        "id": "framing",
        "look": "all eight parts of the card are filled in, each meets the rubric's words, and the boundary says what is left out."
      },
      {
        "id": "realism",
        "look": "the realism checks answered, with the data's status and a list of what the card leaves out."
      }
    ],
    "note": "Your rating stays in this browser. A studio is practice, not a certificate: the course's readiness claim also needs the checkpoints and a research capstone."
  },
  "exemplars": {
    "id": "r10-ex",
    "lines": true,
    "title": "Two cards from the same spin",
    "task": "Spin: S3 city and region · society and livelihoods · heat pumps · low-income renters · a heat wave. Write a question card.",
    "answers": [
      { "key": "weak", "label": "Weak answer", "level": "Developing",
        "parts": [
          "Question: How will heat pumps ",
          { "text": "help", "note": "Help with what? The word hides the metric." },
          " low-income renters in heat waves?\nType: predictive\nAudience: ",
          { "text": "low-income renters", "note": "A group, but no use for the answer is stated. Renters could use it; say for what, or name who controls the change." },
          "\nMetric: ",
          { "text": "comfort", "note": "No units: hours above a safe indoor temperature could be counted." },
          "\nCompared with: ",
          { "text": "(blank)", "note": "No [[counterfactual|counterfactual]]: help compared with what?" },
          "\nI would be wrong if: ",
          { "text": "(left blank)", "note": "No falsification statement, so no result could count against it." },
          "\nRealism and papers: ",
          { "text": "(not done)", "note": "No realism review and no closest papers: nobody yet knows whether data exist or what is already known." }
        ] },
      { "key": "good", "label": "Strong answer", "level": "Proficient on framing and realism",
        "parts": [
          "Question: During a week-long heat wave, how many hours above the city's indoor-heat safety threshold would Prairie City's low-income renters avoid if landlords installed heat pumps instead of window air conditioners?\nType: predictive\nAudience: ",
          { "text": "the city's housing office, which sets rental standards", "note": "A user and the use: the office sets the standards the answer informs. Landlords control the installation; that is a separate line." },
          "\nMetric: ",
          { "text": "hours above the indoor-heat threshold, per household per heat wave", "note": "A metric with units, from indoor sensors or a building model." },
          "\nCompared with: ",
          { "text": "window air conditioners in the same homes", "note": "A realistic alternative, not “no cooling at all”." },
          "\nScale and boundary: S3; renter households in Prairie City; ",
          { "text": "landlords' installation costs left out, and said so", "note": "The boundary names what it leaves out." },
          "\nI would be wrong if: ",
          { "text": "heat-pump homes saw no fewer hot hours than homes with window units", "note": "A result that would show the expectation false." },
          "\nMain uncertainty: ",
          { "text": "whether renters can afford to run the cooling during the heat wave", "note": "The uncertainty that could change the answer most, and it comes from the spin's society dimension." },
          "\nRealism: ",
          { "text": "data warn (few homes have indoor sensors); physics pass; rules pass (the city's 2026 rental code); time pass; people warn (consent for sensors in homes)", "note": "The five realism checks answered, with the evidence or the reason for each warning." },
          "\nClosest papers: ",
          { "text": "three found, each differing (owner-occupied homes; a cooler city; cooling bills, not hot hours)", "note": "How the card differs from each closest paper. The line shows the form of the notes; the papers come from your own searches." }
        ] }
    ],
    "diff": [
      { "label": "Metric and units", "weak": "“Comfort”", "good": "Hours above a threshold" },
      { "label": "Audience", "weak": "A group, no use stated", "good": "A user, and what they decide" },
      { "label": "Counterfactual", "weak": "None", "good": "Window units in the same homes" },
      { "label": "Boundary", "weak": "Not stated", "good": "Who is counted, what is left out" },
      { "label": "Falsification", "weak": "None", "good": "A result that would show it wrong" },
      { "label": "Realism and papers", "weak": "Not done", "good": "Five checks; how it differs from three papers" }
    ],
    "note": "Both cards are illustrative, and the threshold is the city's own. Neither says whether the question is new: that is for reading the closest papers."
  },
  "checklist": [
    { "id": "type", "label": "Type", "text": "Named, with its template." },
    { "id": "audience", "label": "Audience", "text": "Someone who would use the answer, and for what." },
    { "id": "metric", "label": "Metric", "text": "Measurable, with units." },
    { "id": "cf", "label": "Counterfactual", "text": "A realistic alternative to compare with." },
    { "id": "scale", "label": "Scale and boundary", "text": "Including what is left out." },
    { "id": "wrong", "label": "I would be wrong if…", "text": "A result that would count against you." },
    { "id": "unc", "label": "Main uncertainty", "text": "The input that could change the answer most." },
    { "id": "data", "label": "Data", "text": "One dataset named, with its licence and date." },
    { "id": "rules", "label": "Rules", "text": "Who pays, who permits, which jurisdiction, as of when." },
    { "id": "time", "label": "Time", "text": "A first version fits the time you have." },
    { "id": "people", "label": "People", "text": "Consent and fair treatment planned, if people are involved." },
    { "id": "papers", "label": "Three closest papers", "text": "Found, and how your card differs from each." }
  ]
}